References to look further into:
Bernadeta, A.K.W.
Wadah kubur Erong di Tanah Toraja, tradisi Tekno-religi megalitik. Walannae 2:25-34
Bulbeck, F. D., and B. Prasetyo
The Origins of Complex Society in South Sulawesi (OXIS): Tentative final report to Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jakarta.
Cotterell, B., and J. Kamminga
Mechanics of Pre-industrial Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Dammerman, K. W.
On prehistoric mammals from South Celebes. Treubia 17:63-72
Glover, I. C.
Some problems relating to domestication of rice in Asia, in Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory: 265-274, ed. V. Misra and P. Bellwood. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Glover, I. C. and C.F.W. Higham
New evidence for early rice cultivation in South, Southeast and East Asia, in The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: 413-441, ed. D. R. Harris. London: UCL Press.
Hooijer, D. A.
Man and other mammals from Toalian sites in south-western Celebes. Verhandelingen der Koningklijke Nederlandsche Alademie van Wetenschappen, afd. Natuurkunde 46(2):7--160
Jacob, T.
Some Problems Pertaining to the Racial History of the Indonesian Region. Utrecht: Netherlands Bureau of Technical Assistance.
"The resulting landscape archaeology perspective will be linked to relevant geomorphological data: for instande: the evidence that the South Sulawesi peninsula was a virtual island during the middle Holocene (Gremmen 1990)." (p.72)
"The very use of the term Toalean, from the Bugis word Toale' or "forest people," is problematical." (p. 74)
"Fritz Sarasin (1906: 150-155) claimed that the wavy hair and body measurements of the "Toalas" distinguished them from other Sulawesi people, but he invalidated this study by using physical appeartance as his criterion to choose Toala subjects from five separate places across Sulawesi." (p.74)
"...raising the question of whether Toaleans ever spoke an Austronesian tongue. ... the Toalean corresponds closely to the area where the Makasar languages (Austronesian) are spoken today. ... as evidence of close interaction between farmers and hunter-gatherers in late prehistoric South Sulawesi." (p.74)
"... the Bola Batu stone artifacts were made from an inferior type of vulcanic stone, ..." (p.81)
"Lean Saripa proved to be a prolific Toalean site. ..... This may be the least disturbed Toalean site ever ecavated." (p.81)
"Leang-Leang Archaeological Park" (p.82)
"... the Kalumpang sites in Central Sulawesi (see Bulbeck 2000b; Flavel 1997)." (p.82)
"... excellently preserved cave paintings at Sumpang Bita (Suaka 1984)." (p.88)
"Despite considerable survey and excavation in the Cenrana Valley (Bulbeck 1996-97, 2000c) Toalean sites have not been recorded there, nor in the Tempe graben or the land below 100m a.s.l. west of Lake Tempe. These three geopgraphical features lie along a transpeninsular stretch of lowlands that according to local stories, used to lie underwater and permit boats to sail from one coast to the other (Whitten et al. 1987:20)." (p.93)
"In Luwu to the east of the Toraja highlands, thousands of flaked stone artifacts have been recorded at twelve sites (Bulbeck and Prasetyo 1999; Bulbeck 2000d),..." (p.94)
"Kalumpang (Karama river)" (p.97)
"... a prototype for the iron "finger knives" used in Island Southeast Asia to harvest rice in ethnographic times." (p.102)
"Simons (1997) analysis of Toalean faunal assemblages hinted at a shift away from chasing a large game, to exchange with neighboring farmers, ..." (p.103)
"Archery does not appear as a traditional skill in South Sulawesi..." (p.103)
"...records going back to the 16th century refer to guilds specialized in making blowpipes. and regiments of pipe-blowers. Blowpipes would have replaced the bow but not the spear." (p.103)
"The basic vocabulary of Makasar, for instance, has merely a 38% retention rate of cognates from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. That leaves 62% of the basic vocabulary open to investigation as borrowings of indegenous, pre-Austronesian terms." (p.103)