Example 1 - Groppo: from Guilio Caccini 'le nuove musiche'.

Example 2 - Tremolo: from Francesco Rognoni 'Selva de Varii Passaggi'.

Example 3 - Trillo: from Guilio Caccini 'le nuove musiche'.

Example 4 - Accenti: from Francesco Rognoni 'Selva de Varii Passaggi'. 

Figure 1 - Pieter Claesz: Still life (1623)

Figure 2 - Detail from a painting by Girolamo Martinelli: Concerto in casa Lazzari (1680)

Figure 3 - Domenico Antonio Gabbiani: Portrait of the Musicians of the Medici Court in Florence (1685?)

Figure 4 - Gerard van Honthorst: the concert (1623-30)

Figure 5 - Andrea Celesti: Papa Benedetto III  fa visita alla chiesa (c. 1684)

Figure 6 - Anonymous, early seventeenth century, Italy

Figure 7 - Jan Miense Moolenaer: Family music making (c. 1630)

Figure 8 - Michael Praetorius: viol and violin family (1614-15)

Figure 9 - Bologna bow

Figure 10 - Anonymous bow

Figure 11 - Pier Leono Ghezzi: Antonio Vandini

Figure 12 -http://www.stringbassonline.com/images/violinbasics_bowhold/german_bowholdfront.jpg  

Figure 13 - Detail from a painting by Rutillio Manetti: Mass of San Cerbone, Chiesa S. Maria di Provenzano (Siena)

Figure 14 - Judith Leyster: the cello player, copy after Frans Hals (middle 17th century)

Figure 15 - Anonymous, sixteenth century, Italy

Figure 16 - Baldassare Franceschini: Angels playing music (1644)

Figure 17 - Detail from a painting by Abraham van der Schoor: the concert (c. 1650)

Figure 18 - An engraving by Carlo Buffagnotti (Bologna, 1688). Buffagnotti was a student of the famous Bolognese cellist Guiseppe Maria Jacchini.

Figure 19 - Detail from a painting by Pieter de Hooch: Musical company with 5 figures (1674-77)

Figure 20 - Anonymous, seventeenth century, Italy

Figure 21 - Antonio Tonelli

Figure 22 - Martin de Meytens: Francesco Alborea

Figure 23 - Detail from a painting by Niccolò Maria Rossi: The Procession of the Feast of the Four Altars (1732). The cellist is tough to be Alborea.