Prompting as Thinking-With: Using Generative AI to Visualise an Extinct Dwarf Emu

Monica Monin

Exposition

Prompting as Thinking-With: Using Generative AI to Visualise an Extinct Dwarf Emu (2025)

Monica Monin, Zoe Sadokierski

open exposition

About this exposition

This paper discusses a creative collaboration between two design researchers using text-to-image prompts as a way to think across a range of ideas including the relationships between collage practices and AI image generation – both modes of image-making that create images with images – as well as taking an ‘anarchival’ approach to addressing absence in historical archives. Initial experimentation with prompt-based model DALL-E 2 involved writing multiple prompts to generate images of the extinct King Island dwarf emu; specifically, an emu taken to live in Empress Josephine’s estate outside Paris. There is little visual record of the dwarf emus, and what remains is ambiguous and factually inaccurate. The scarcity of visual reference material provides an interesting case study for how a generative image model might attempt to elaborate a new image about a historical event. The results provide material to help think about how image generation models work, and also how we might visualise the experience of an extinct species. Reflecting on the initial experiments, we began to consider prompting with large-scale image generation models as a way to think-with and speculate, rather than to merely generate. We employ two methods to critique the resulting images: visual content analysis and comparative analysis across image-generation models. We conclude that at a time of both deliberate and accidental miscommunication, it is important for those with expertise in how images ‘work’ to critique and analyse image-generating tools, and consider how working with generative AI might be included as part of an anarchival practice.

type	research exposition
keywords	Thinking-with, collage, generative AI, archives, anarchives, research through design
date	28/08/2024
published	17/07/2025
last modified	17/07/2025
status	published
share status	private
affiliation	University of Technology Sydney
copyright	Monica Monin and Zoë Sadokierski
license	CC BY-NC
language	English
url	https://www.researchcatalogue.net/view/2983332/2983354
doi	https://doi.org/10.22501/artact.2983332
published in	ArteActa – Journal for Performing Arts and Artistic Research
portal issue	13. AI (and) Art: The Poetics of Prompting

Copyrights

name	Digital collage altering a natural history etching of dwarf emus with graphic and textual elements.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Photograph of dwarf emu feather held in the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
copyright	David Hocking / Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Paper collage (left) and AI generated images (right) of dwarf emus with Empress Josephine
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALL-E2023–24
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Only known skin of a Kangaroo Island Emu, held at the Museum d'Histooire Naturelle de Geneve.
copyright	Photo by Totodu74, via WikiCommons, 2018
license	CC BY-SA
usages	picture

name	Only known Kangaroo Island skeleton, held at the Jardin de Plantes, Paris.
copyright	Nicolas Venner, 2019
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Illustration by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, based on life-drawings made during Nicolas Baudin's journey and specimens kept at Jardin des Plantes. Circa 1808 to 1811. The image above is a hand-coloured copper engraving made by F. Lambert after paintings and drawings by Lesueur. Lesueur was the offical artist of natural history on the Nicholas Baudin Voyage to Australia from 1800-1803.
copyright	F. Lambert c. 1824
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Dwarf emus and other animals outside Château de Malmaison. Frontispiece from the Atlas of the Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes, 1807.
copyright	Frontispiece from the Atlas of the Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes. Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, c. 1807.
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	King Island Emu in the collection of the French National Museum of Natural History
copyright	Marie-Lan Nguyen, Wikimedia Commons
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Charles Alexandre Lesueur's 1807 plate of the head, wing and feathers of a possible King Island emu.
copyright	Lesueur, Charles Alexandre, 1778-1846. Originally published in Voyage de decouvertes aux terres australes
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Illustration used to illustrate Dromaius peroni (now a synonym of Dromaius baudinianus – Kangaroo Island Emu), but it was actually based on a specimen in the Museum of Natural History in Paris, now thought to belong to Dromaius ater from King Island, also known as Dromaius novaehollandiae minor.
copyright	John Gerrard Keulemans, 1907
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Mainland and King Island emu skulls. Plates from 'A collection of sub–fossil bird and marsupial remains from King Island, Bass Strait'.
copyright	Baldwin Spencer and J.A. Kershaw, from Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne, 1910
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Mainland emu and Kangaroo Island pelves. Plates from 'A collection of sub–fossil bird and marsupial remains from King Island, Bass Strait'.
copyright	Baldwin Spencer and J.A. Kershaw, from Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne, 1910
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Mainland and King Island Emu femora bones. Plates from 'A collection of sub–fossil bird and marsupial remains from King Island, Bass Strait'.
copyright	Baldwin Spencer and J.A. Kershaw, from Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne, 1910
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Mainland and King Island Emu tibiotarsi bones
copyright	Baldwin Spencer and J.A. Kershaw, from Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne, 1910
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Mainland and King Island Emu tarsometatarsals and ribs. Plates from 'A collection of sub–fossil bird and marsupial remains from King Island, Bass Strait'.
copyright	Baldwin Spencer and J.A. Kershaw, from Memoirs of the National Museum, Melbourne, 1910
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Internal spreads and front cover from the book Natural Things in Early Modern Worlds, as well as a diagram that shows the source material for one of the collages.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and Katie Dean, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Prompt1: A King Island Emu in a garden in Paris in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	slideshow

name	Prompt2: A King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	slideshow

name	Prompt3: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	slideshow

name	Images from prompt: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon in Decolonial style
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	DALL·E image from prompt: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon in Decolonial style
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Photograph of paper collage process
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Paper collage using images of dwarf emu bones, from archival images in the public domain.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Paper collage created from public domain images of dwarf emu skeletons and natural history illustrations. Source materials are shown on the black panel to the right, other images and ephemera came from her 'archive' of collage material.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Paper collage created from public domain images of dwarf emu skeletons and natural history illustrations. Source materials are shown on the black panel to the right, other images and ephemera came from her 'archive' of collage material.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Second round of paper collage, based on reflections on using AI
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	DALL-E 2 model generated image of Empress Josephine, Napoleon and an emu, in which Napoleon and the emu merge.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	DALL·E image from prompt: Oil painting of the extinct King Island emu and Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Image created by Dalle-2 from the prompt: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	DALL•E 2 generated image from the prompt: Oil portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu baby in 1804.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Paintings created between c. 1283 and 1650 with uncanny depictions of infants
copyright	1. Madonna and Child with Two Angels (Crevole Madonna), Duccio di Buoinsegna c. 1283 –1284. 2. Two of the Gyllenstierna children, Johan Assman, 1650. 3. Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels, Jean Fouquet, 1450s. Right panel of the Melun diptych.
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Four Key Images for Further Study
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Albumen style image created with Dalle-2, alongside 'similar' images suggested by a Google Image search
copyright	Dall-e 2 and public domain images. 2024
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	DALL•E 2 generated image from 'Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu baby' contrasted with 'similar' paintings suggested through a reverse image search
copyright	DALLE-2, 2023; Paul Cezanne 1860; Francis Danby 1873; Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 1845.
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	DALL·E image from prompt including 'decolonial', with 'similar' images suggested by a reverse image search
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and Dall-e 2 2023; Wenceslas Hollar c. 17th; Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins 1894; Nordisk familjebok 1904.
license	Public domain
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 1 A King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 2 A King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 3 Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 4 Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon in Decolonial style
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 5 Portrait of a lonely King Island Emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 6 Oil painting of the extinct King Island emu and Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 7 Oil painting of the extinct King Island emu with Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Chateau de Malmaison in Paris
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 8 Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Chateau de Malmaison in Paris with the extinct King Island emu with
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 9 Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Chateau de Malmaison in Paris with an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 10 Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 11 Portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu baby
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 12 Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 13 Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 14 Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in 1805
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 15 Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in Paris 1805
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 16 Portrait of Empress Josephine dressed as an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Dall-e 17 Portrait of Empress Josephine eating an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski and DALLE-2, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney-1: A King Island Emu in a garden in Paris in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 2: A King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 3: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 4: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon in Decolonial style
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 5: Portrait of a lonely King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 6: Oil painting of extinct King Island emu and Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 7: Oil painting of the extinct King Island emu with Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte in Château de Malmaison in Paris
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 8: Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Château de Malmaison in Paris with the extinct King Island emu with
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 9: Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Château de Malmaison in Paris with an emu.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 10: Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 11: Portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu baby
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 12: Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 13: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 15: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in Paris 1805
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 16: Portrait of Empress Josephine dressed as an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 17: Portrait of Empress Josephine eating an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly-1: A King Island Emu in a garden in Paris in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly-2: A King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 3: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 4: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon in Decolonial style
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 5: Portrait of a lonely King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 6: Oil painting of extinct King Island emu and Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 8: Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Château de Malmaison in Paris with the extinct King Island emu with
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 9: Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Château de Malmaison in Paris with an emu.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 10: Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 11: Portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu baby
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 12: Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 13: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 14: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 15: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in Paris 1805
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 16: Portrait of Empress Josephine dressed as an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 17: Portrait of Empress Josephine eating an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	OpenArt 1: A King Island Emu in a garden in Paris in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 2: A King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 3: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 4: Portrait of a King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon in Decolonial style
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 5: Portrait of a lonely King Island emu in a garden in Paris in 1804 with Empress Josephine and Napoleon
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 6: Oil painting of extinct King Island emu and Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 7: Oil painting of the extinct King Island emu with Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte in Château de Malmaison in Paris
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 8: Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Château de Malmaison in Paris with the extinct King Island emu with
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 9: Portrait of Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte Château de Malmaison in Paris with an emu.
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 10: Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 11: Portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu baby
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 12: Oil painting of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 13: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu as a baby in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 14: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 15: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in Paris 1805
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 16: Portrait of Empress Josephine dressed as an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	openart 17: Portrait of Empress Josephine eating an emu
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and OpenArt, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Midjourney 14: Midjourney 14: Photographic portrait of Empress Josephine with an emu in 1804
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Midjourney, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Firefly 7: Oil painting of the extinct King Island emu with Empress Josephine and Napoleon Bonaparte in Château de Malmaison in Paris
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, Monica Monin and Firefly, 2024
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Paper collage from archival photographs of emu bones, a map and coloured stickers
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski, 2023
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

name	Skeleton baby unintentionally generated through Dalle-2
copyright	Zoe Sadokierski
license	All rights reserved
usages	picture

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Prompting as Thinking-With: Using Generative AI to Visualise an Extinct Dwarf Emu (2025)

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