Literature Review and Overview of Previous Studies
Damascus: The origins of Sufi music in Damascus can be traced back to the early Islamic periods. Sufi music was used as a means to enhance spirituality and reflektion. It played a significant role in religious and social gatherings held in mosques and Sufi centers. The music served as a medium to connect with the divine and foster a sense of community among the practitioners. Aboud Abdullah AlAskari, (2006 July 2), Albayan,
Morocco: In Morocco, Sufi music was influenced by Andalusian and Moroccan traditions, which gave it a distinctive character. The Andalusian influence came from the Moors who brought their musical traditions to Morocco after being expelled from Spain in the late 15th century. This blend of Andalusian and Moroccan elements created a unique Sufi musical tradition that is still practiced today. Habous, Mousiqa Azkar Sufi, (2012 Februari 8)
Evolution Over Time
Damascus: Over the centuries, Sufi music in Damascus evolved through interaction with local cultures and external influences. During the medieval and Ottoman periods, local musicians added their own touches to the Sufi melodies, enriching the tradition with new elements. This evolution was marked by the incorporation of various musical instruments and styles, making the music more complex and diverse. Sharif, Samim. Music in Syria: Icons and History. Damascus: Ministry of Culture - General Authority for Books, 2011
Morocco: In Morocco, Sufi music was significantly influenced by the Andalusian musical traditions brought by the Moriscos. These traditions were integrated into the local Sufi practices, creating a rich and diverse musical heritage. The evolution of Sufi music in Morocco was also shaped by the country's unique cultural and historical context, leading to the development of distinct regional styles. . Habous, Mousiqa Azkar Sufi, (2012 Februari 8)
Key Elements of Sufi Music
Maqam: A fundamental aspect of Sufi music is the use of Maqam, which are specific musical scales or modes. Each Maqam has its own emotional and spiritual significance, and the choice of Maqam can greatly influence the overall mood of the performance. In Sufi music, Maqam are often used in a sequence to create a journey of emotions, leading the listener through different states of spiritual awareness. Own journey in Sufi music
Zikr: Zikr, or the repetition of divine names and phrases, is a central practice in Sufi music. It serves as a form of meditation and a way to connect with the divine. The rhythmic repetition of Zikr, combined with the music, creates a powerful spiritual experience for both the performers and the audience. Own Journey in Sufi music
Whirling Dervishes: The presence of whirling dervishes, who perform a form of meditative dance, is another key element of Sufi music. The dance, known as Sema, is a physical manifestation of the spiritual journey, symbolizing the soul's ascent towards the divine. The movements of the dervishes are synchronized with the music, creating a harmonious and mesmerizing performance. THESUFI, (2023 July 23),
URL Sufi Whirling: Exploring the Mystical Dance of the Whirling Dervishes
Regional Variations
Based on my own experience, I found the following:
Damascus: In Damascus, one of the well-known styles of Sufi music is Alhadra Alrefaeya. This style involves a main chanter who begins with a prayer, followed by others repeating sustained words after each verse. The music builds a spiritual atmosphere, preparing for the main part of the poem. The performance includes the use of traditional instruments like the Ney and the rhythmic accompaniment of percussion.
Morocco: In Morocco, Sufi music is characterized by its unique blend of Andalusian and Moroccan elements. The music often features traditional instruments such as the Oud, Qanun, and Bendir. The performances are deeply spiritual, with a strong emphasis on the communal aspect of Sufi practices. The Moroccan Sufi festivals, such as the one in Chefchaouen, showcase the rich diversity of Sufi music and its role in the cultural and spiritual life of the community.