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  • Bibliography

  • Primary Sources:

  • Anonymous, “‘Statistics on Admissions to Bethlem Hospital’”, London Chronicle, Tuesday, April 18th (London Chronicle, 1786)

  • Ariadne, “ and He Wins a Comedy Acted at the New Theatre in Little Lincoln’s-Inn Fields by His Majesty’s Servants / Written by a Young Lady”., 1695 <https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A59615.0001.001>

  • Augustine, De Doctrina Christiania, (426)

  • Bary, René, Methode Pour Bien Prononcer Un Discours, Et Pour Le Bien Animer. Ouvrage Tres-Utile à Tous Ceux Qui Parlent En Public, &amp; particulièrement Aux Predicateurs, &amp; Aux Avocats (Paris: Denis Thierry, 1679)

  • Bethlem Royal Hospital, Admission Register - ARA 03 (London: Bethlem Royal Hospital Archive, 1715) <https://archives.museumofthemind.org.uk/ARA.htm>

  • Bowle (ed.), John, The Diary of John Evelyn (Oxford: OUP, 1985)

  • Bridewell and Bethlem Court of Governors, Bridewell and Bethlem Court of Governors Minutes, BCB-09 (London: Bethlem Royal Hospital Archive, 1658) <https://archives.museumofthemind.org.uk/BCB.htm>

  • Bridewell and Bethlem Court of Governors, Bridewell and Bethlem Court of Governors Minutes, BCB-17 (London: Bethlem Royal Hospital Archive, 1701)

  • Charleton, Walter, Natural History of the Passions, 2nd Ed. (London: R. Wellington &amp; E. Rumbal, 1701)

  • Cicero, and E. W. Sutton, De Oratore (London: Loeb Classical Library, 1942)

  • Collins, William, “The Passions: An Ode for Music”, 1747 <https://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/content/passions>

  • Cowper, William, The Life and Works of William Cowper (London: Saunders and Otley, 1835)

  • Crooke, H, Microcosmographia (London: W. Jaggard, 1616)

  • Defoe, Daniel, An Essay Upon Projects (London: R. R. Thomas Cockerill, 1697) <https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4087/4087-h/4087-h.htm>

  • Democritus Junior, and Burton Robert, THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY WHAT IT IS WITH ALL THE KINDS, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PROGNOSTICS, AND SEVERAL CURES OF IT IN THREE PARTITIONS; WITH THEIR SEVERAL SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MEDICINALLY, HISTORICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP BY DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR [ROBERT BURTON] WITH A SATIRICAL PREFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSE, (Fifth ed.) (Oxford: Henry Cripps, 1638)

  • Descartes, René, Les Passions De l’âme (Paris: H. Legras, 1649) <https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666986/>

  • Dickens, Charles, Great Expectations (London: Ebook - PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1400, 1867) <https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1400/1400-h/1400-h.htm#chap07>

  • D’Urfey, Thomas, Richmond Heiress: Or, A Woman Once in the Right (London: Samuel Briscoe, 1603)

  • Eccles, John, and Ariadne, “Restless in Thought, Disturbed in mind/A Song in She Venturs, He Winns”, ed. by (Thomas Cross, 1695) <https://vmirror.imslp.org/files/imglnks/usimg/0/0d/IMSLP683651-PMLP1096684-Purcell_Songs_etc_(1)-converted.pdf>

  • Foucault, Michel, History of Madness (London: Routledge, 2006)

  • Hill, Aaron, The Art of Acting (London: J. Osborn, 1746)

  • Hill, Aaron, The Works of the Late Aaron Hill, Esq; In Four Volumes. Consisting of Letters on Various Subjects, and of Original Poems, Moral and Facetious With and Essay on the Art of Acting, Vol. IV (London, 1753)

  • Hill, Aaron, “Regular System of Acting”, The Prompter, Numb. CXVIII, Friday December 26th (William Popple/Aaron Hill, 1735)

  • Hill, Aaron, “The Actor’s Epitome”, The Prompter, Numb. CXIII, Tuesday, December 9th (William Popple/Aaron Hill, 1735)

  • Horace, Ars Poetica (19 b.c.)

  • Kerouac, Jack, On the Road (London: Penguin Group 2011, 2011)

  • Lamy, Bernard, De l’art De Parler (Paris, 1676)

  • Lamy, Bernard, La Rhetorique Ou l’art De Parler (Paris, 1699)

  • Le Facheur, M, Traité De l’action De l’orateur, Ou De La Prononciation Et Du Geste (Paris, 1657)

  • LeBrun, Charles, Conférence Sur L’Expression générale Et particulière (Amsterdam: J. L. De Lorme, Sur Le Rokin (Paris: E. Picart le Rom, ruë S. Jacques, au Buste de Monseigneur, 1698)

  • Lupton, Donald, London and the Countrey Carbonadoed and Quartred into Seuerall Characters. (London: Nicholas Okes, 1632)

  • Makin, Batshu, An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen in Religion, Manners, Art &Amp; Tongues (London: Thomas Parkhurst, 1673)

  • Marselle, Marin, Harmonie Universelle (Paris, 1636)

  • Menestrier, Claude F, Des Representations En Musique Anciennes Et Modernes (Paris: Chez R. Guignard, 1681) <https://archive.org/details/desrepresentatio00mene/page/n3/mode/2up>

  • Menestrier, Claude F, Tahiti Des Tournois (Lyon, 1699)

  • Purcell, Henry, “Bess of Bedlam Z. 370, Printed in John Playford, Choice Ayres, Songs, and Dialogues”, ed. by (A. Godbid, J. Playford Junior and John Carr, 1683)

  • Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria (95)

  • Riccoboni, Antoine-Francois, L’Art Du théâtre (Paris, 1750)

  • Riccoboni, Louis, Dell’Arte Rappresentativa (London, 1728)

  • Shakespeare, William, Dr. Barbara A. Mowat (ed.), and Paul Werstine (ed.), Hamlet (Washington DC: Folger Shakespeare Library (accessed: 11.11.24), 1992) <https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/hamlet/>

  • Tryon, Thomas, and Philoteus Physiologue, A Treatise of Dreams &amp; Visions Wherein the Causes, Natures, and Uses, of Nocturnal Representations, and the Communications Both of Good and Evil Angels, As Also Departed Souls, to Mankind. Are Theosophically Unfolded; That Is According to the Word of God, and the Harmony of Created Beings. To Which Is Added, a Discourse of the Causes, Natures, and Cure of Phrensie, Madness or Distraction. By Tho. Tryon, Student in Physick (London, 1689) <https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;idno=A63812.0001.001>

  • Vandenhoff, George, The Art of Elocution: From the Simple Articulation of the Elemental Sounds of Language, up to the Highest Tone of Expression in Speech, Attainable by the Human Voice. (Waterloo Place, London: Wiley and Putnam, 1846)

  • de Cervantes, Miguel, El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote De La Mancha (published in Two Parts, 1605 and 1615) (Habsburg Spain: Fransisco de Robles, 1615)

  • de La Mesnardière, Hippolyte-Jules Pilet, La Poëtique (Paris: Antoine de Sommaville, 1640)


  • Conversations:


  • 08.10.24 - Lesson with Cora Burggraf, The Royal Conservatoire

  • 20.11.24 - Meeting with Laila Cathleen Neuman, on Zoom

  • 14.02.25 - Meeting with David Luck, Bethlem Royal Hospital


  • Secondary Sources:

  • Andrews, Jonathan, Colin Gale, and Caroline Smith, Visits to Bedlam: Visiting the Mentally Ill at Bethlem before 1800 (London: Bethlem Royal Hospital Archive, 1996)

  • Brink, Jean R, “Batshua Reginald Makin: ‘Most Learned Matron’”, Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Autumn 1991) (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), pp. 313-26

  • Chambers, Paul, “Bethlem Royal Hospital: Why Did the Infamous Bedlam Asylum Have Such a Fearsome Reputation?” <https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/bethlem-royal-hospital-history-why-called-bedlam-lunatic-asylum/> [accessed 19 September 2024]

    Gilje, Nils, Hermeneutikk som metode : Ein historisk introduksjon, (Oslo: Samlaget, 2019)

  • Jackson, Dr. Clare, “Your Ultimate Guide to the Restoration Period”, BBC History Revealed, Christmas 2022 (History Extra, 2022)

  • King, Thomas A, “‘As If (She) Were Made on Purpose to Put the Whole World into Good Humour’: Reconstructing the First English Actresses”, TDR (1988-), Vol. 36, No. 3 (The MIT Press, 1992), pp. 78-102

  • MacDonald, Michael, Mystical Bedlam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)

  • MacKinnon, Dolly, “Poor Senseless Bess, Clothed in Her Rags and Folly’: Early Modern Women, Madness, and Song in Seventeenth-Century England”, Parergon, Australian and New Zealand Association of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (Inc.), Volume 8, Number 3 (MacKinnon, Dolly, 2001), pp. 119-51

  • Mace, Dean T, “Musical Humanism”, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, XXVII (The Warburg Institute, 1964)

  • Mendelson, Sara, and Patricia Crawford, Women in Early Modern England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)

  • Montagu, Jennifer, The Expression of the Passions, THE ORIGIN AND INFLUENCE OF CHARLES LE BRUN’S Conférence Sur Expression générale Et particulière. (New Haven &amp; London: Yale University Press, 1994)

  • Page, Christopher, “Credo”, Early Music, Volume 41, Issue 1 (Oxford Academic, 2013) <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/em/cas161>

  • Rogers, Pat, and Valerie GROSVENOR MYER, Pat ROGERS, ‘Richardson and the Bluestockings’, Samuel Richardson: Passion and Prudence (London/Totowa: NJ: Vision Press, 1986)

  • Rooley, Anthony, ““The Deep Abyss of Hell” or ‘Bedlam Revisited: A Brief History of English Mad Songs of the 17th Century’”, in Aspects of English Song - Essays by Anthony Rooley, ed. by Giovanna Baviera & Martin Kirnbauer (Basel: Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, 2021), pp. 22-72

  • Ross, Stephanie, “Painting the Passions: Charles LeBrun’s Conference Sur L’Expression”, Journal of the History of Ideas 45, 45, no. 1 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), pp. 25-47

  • Sipowicz, M, “Walter Charleton, Wellbeing, and the Cartesian Passions”, Intellectual History Review, 33 (4) (Taylor and Francis online, 2022), pp. 609-28 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2022.2063505>

  • Solomon, Diana, “From Infamy to Intimacy: Anne Bracegirdle’s Mad Songs”, Restoration: Studies in English Literary Culture, 1660-1700, Volume 35, Number 1 (University of Tennessee, 2011), pp. 1-20 <https://doi.org/10.1353/rst.2011.0002>

  • Tasca, Cecilia, Mariangela Rapetti, Mauro Giovanni Carta, and Bianca Fadda, “Women and Hysteria in the History of Mental Health”, Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 2012:8 (National Library of Medicine, 2012) <https://doi.org/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3480686/>

  • Tuke, Daniel H, Chapters in the History of the Insane in the British Isles (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1882)

  • Wentz, Jed, “A ROUNDTABLE ON EMBODIMENT IN RESEARCH”, INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL ACTING TECHNIQUES AND THE 21st-CENTURY BODY - European Drama and Performance Studies, 2022 – 2, n° 19 (Classiques Garnier, 2022) <https://doi.org/10.48611/isbn.978-2-406-13546-3>

  • Wentz, Jed, “’AND THE WING’D MUSCLES, INTO MEANINGS FLY’: PRACTICE-BASED RESEARCH INTO HISTORICAL ACTING THROUGH THE WRITINGS OF AARON HILL”, HISTORICAL ACTING TECHNIQUES AND THE 21st-CENTURY BODY European Drama and Performance Studies, 2022 – 2, n° 19 (Classiques Garnier, 2022), pp. 157-97 <https://doi.org/10.48611/isbn.978-2-406-13546-3>

  • Williams, Gordon, A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature (3 vols.) (London: The Athlore Press, 1994)

    Williams, Gordon, Shakespeare's Sexual Language (London/New York: Continuum, 1997)

Videos:

All videos are taken by me between the 25th of January and the 11th of February, in the Royal Conservatory.

Illustrations:

1 - Dulle Griet, By Pieter Brueghel the Elder (Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Public Domain)

2 - Performing at Løkken Nøisomhed with Trio Sisik (Oslo Early/photo: Theodor Hjelmtveit)

3 - Title page of "Deliciae Musicae", supposedly portraying the actress-singer Anne Bracegirdle (printed by J. Heptinstall for Henry Playford, London, 1696)

4 - A Baroque Glance (Victoria Oftestad, photo: Emma Gulling)

5 - An Illustration from Orpheus Britannicus - (Trinity College Library Watkinson Collection: Orpheus Britannicus. (...) Henry Purcell, London, Pearson (1706))

6 - The Praise of Folly (ERASMUS, Desiderius. L'eloge de la Folie, Compose en forme de Declamation. (1715))

7 - Extreme Pain (Extreme Doleur Corporelle by Charles Le Brun)

8 - Scene from The Beggar's Opera, Act III, Hogarth/Blake (Victoria and Albert Museum, London)

9 - 17th century fashion (Nicholas Bonnart, Recueil des modes de la cour de France, ‘La Belle Plaideuse’, c. 1682-86, Hand-coloured engraving on paper)

10 - Drawings of a woman in catalepsy by Albert Londe (Drawings of a woman in catalepsy by Albert Londe. La photographie médicale : application aux sciences médicales et physiologiques, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92886323)

11 - The Royal Hospital of Bedlam (1676) (The House of Bedlam. Wikipedia Commons)

12 - Inside the Madhouse? (A Rake's Progress by William Hogarth, 1763. https:::www.danceshistoricalmiscellany.com:history-bedlam-worlds-notorious-asylum:)

13 - A Curious Catalogue (The anatomy of Melancholy (...), title page, by Democritus Junior (Oxford, Henry Cripps, 1638))

14 - A Magnificent Building Property, unfortunately it started sinking into the ground as soon as it was built. (The exteriors of the House of Bedlam. Wellcome Library, London. https:::www.bbc.com:culture:article:20161213-how-bedlam-became-a-palace-for-lunatics)

15 - The Faces of Hysteria (Female Hysteria. By D.M. Bourneville and P. Régnard (montage by User:Damiens.rf) - File:Attitudes Passionnelles XXIII.jpg.File:Attitudes Passionnelles XXVI.jpg.File:Debut d'une Attaque XXVIII.jpg andFile:Hystéro-Épilepsie Attaque XXXV.jpg., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7931907)

16 - Britannica Theatre, London (By 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica - 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33447760)

17 - Playing at the Red Bull (Victoria and Albert Collection)

18 - London and the earliest showing of the Globe Theatre (16th to 17th century London, looking north across the River Thames, taken from a corner of a map of Great Britain and Ireland engraved by I. Hondius, and possibly the earliest showing the original Globe Theatre. On the north bank, left is St.Pauls Cathedral, on the south the circular building is presumed The Globe. Illustrations of the Life of Shakespeare in a Discursive Series of Essays on a Variety of Subjects Connected with the Personal and Literary History of the Great Dramatist. Halliwell, J.O., 1874,National Library of the Netherlands)

19 - Ophelia's Suicide, Mad from Loving (Ophelia, By John Everett Millais - -wGU6cT4JixtPA — Google Arts & Culture Tate Images (http://www.tate-images.com/results.asp?image=N01506&wwwflag=3&imagepos=2), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13455290)

20.1 - Restlessness (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

20.2 - Deep sighs, 1 (ibid)

20.3 - Deep sighs 2 (ibid)

20.4 - Increasing ecstasy (ibid)

21 - Female 17th Century Bosom (Artist unknown, Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie, 5617)

22 - A 17th century look (Claude Auguste Berey, Madame Lucie de Tourville de Cotantin, Marquise de Gouville, c. 1690-95, etching. Rijksmuseum, RP-P-2016-8-5.)

23 - Anne Bracegirdle in role ('The Indian Queen' (Anne Bracegirdle) by William Vincent, published by John Smith. National Portrait Gallery.)

24 - Searching for Fury (Victoria Oftestad, photo: Eivind Hannisdal)

25 - An Illustration of Female Melancholia (The Melancholy Nymph, George Bickham Junior’s The Musical Entertainer (1737))

26 - Genuinity? (Victoria Oftestad)

27 - Embodiment? (Victoria Oftestad)

28 - An Illustration of Purcell's "Mad Bess" (From silent shades, George Bickham Junior’s The Musical Entertainer (1737))

29 - On the Quest (Victoria Oftestad, photo: Emma Gulling)

30.1 - The sculpture of Mania from the gates of Bedlam of 1676 (Bethlem - Museum of the Mind, photo: Victoria Oftestad)

30.2 - Raymond Poisson, French 17th century Actress (By Gérard Edelinck/ After Caspar Netscher - http://cesar.org.uk/cesar2/imgs/images.php?fct=edit&image_UOID=353340, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20437009)

31 - Anger (La Colère, Charles Le Brun)

32.1-14 - “Different Titles", facial expression copied from Charles Le Brun’s Conference(...) (Victoria Oftestad)

33 - The terms used for characterizing expression (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

34 - Dynamic terms (ibid)

35 - The terms used to indicate timing (ibid) 

36 - Pitch terms (ibid) 

37 - A desperate melody? (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

38 - A desperate expression (Charles Le Brun, Conference (...))

39 - Desperation in writing (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

40.1 - Short sleeps deep sighs 1 (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

40.2 - deep sighs 2 (ibid)

41 - A Sorrowful expression (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

42.1 - Melancholy in writing (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

42.2 - Melancholy in writing (ibid)

43 - A Fearful phrase (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

44 - A frightened expression (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

45 - A frightened speech (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

46 - An angry phrase? (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

47.1 - Anger 1 (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

47.2 - Anger 2 (ibid)

47.3 - Angry Speech (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

48.1 - Short sleeps? (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

48.2 - Deep sighs? (ibid)

48.3 - Wonder (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

49 - Hope! (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

50 - Hope. (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

51 - Hopeful words (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

52 - A musical search for Love (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

53 - Simple Love (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

54 - Joy/Love (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

55 - My fluttering soul! (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

56 - Desire (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

57 - A bubbly melody! (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

58 - Profound Joy (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

59 - Laughter (ibid)

60 - Cheerfulness (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

61 - Tell me! (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

62 - Revenge and pity (George Vandenhoff, The Art of Elocution)

63 - Musical Resignation (John Eccles, Restless in thought)

64 - Weeping (Charles Le Brun, Conference(...))

65 - An inner passion (Victoria Oftestad)

66 - Sarah Gardner, a domestic servant, was admitted to Bethlem aged 26 in August 1857 suffering from 'great mental depression'. She was discharged in October 1857. (Bethlem - Museum of the Mind)

67 - What did I just feel? (Victoria Oftestad)

68 - What did YOU feel? (ibid)

69 - Grinning? (ibid)

70 - Happy. (ibid)

71 - Mania, the sculpture from the 17th century building, now placed at Bethlem - Museum of the mind (Bethlem - Museum of the Mind, photo: Victoria Oftestad)

72 - On the way to Bedlam (Victoria Oftestad, photo: Eivor Oftestad)

73 - Ophelia, Alexandre Cabanel (By Alexandre Cabanel - Unknown source, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1212823)

74 - Man Made Mad with Fear (Gustav Courbet, national gallery norway)

75 - Bosch, cutting the stone, detail (By Hieronymus Bosch - www.museodelprado.es : Home : Info : Pic, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18862705)

76 - Melancholy, the original statue from the gates at Bedlam, 1676 (Bethlem - Museum of the Mind, photo: Victoria Oftestad)

77 - Mania, the original staute from the gate of Bedlam, 1676 (ibid)

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